What is the meaning of the comparison between Luzhin and Raskolnikov? - an essay about

Similarities

At the beginning of the meeting of the heroes, it seems that their images are not comparable. But by the end of the conversation in Raskolnikov’s closet, it becomes clear that there is some similarity between the ideas of a poor student and a rich businessman. The main feature that unites the heroes is the desire to rise above others. Raskolnikov himself sees this, despite the fact that Luzhin is hated by him. Rodion Romanovich, based on his theory, believes that he can commit crimes, since he has decided that he is the chosen one. Luzhin does not commit outright crimes, but the very essence of his personality is rotten and overly selfish. Luzhin's crimes are moral, while Raskolnikov's crime is physical.

Raskolnikov and Luzhin comparative characteristics. What is the meaning of the comparison between Luzhin and Raskolnikov

The narrative structure of Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment is quite complex. At the center of the work is the image of the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, with his idea of ​​allowing “blood according to conscience.” All the other characters are connected to him in one way or another. The main character is surrounded in the novel by “doubles”, in whose minds his idea is refracted differently.

One of Raskolnikov's doubles in the novel is Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin. This is a business man who, more than anything in the world, values ​​money obtained “by labor and by all means.” He respects himself, considers himself an intelligent, progressive person working for the benefit of the whole society. Luzhin even has his own theory, which he develops in front of Raskolnikov. This “theory of rational egoism” says: “love yourself first, first of all, for everything in the world is based on self-interest.” Luzhin believes: if everyone acts guided only by their own interests, then there will be more successful citizens in society, “organized private affairs.” Consequently, “acquiring solely and exclusively for himself,” a person works for the benefit of “general prosperity,” for the benefit of economic progress.

In life, Pyotr Petrovich is consistently guided by his theory. Marriage to Dunechka pleases his painful pride, and besides, it can contribute to his career. Raskolnikov opposes this marriage, and Luzhin quickly finds a way to rectify the situation. In order to denigrate Rodion in the eyes of his relatives and regain Dunya’s favor, he accuses Sonya of theft by planting a banknote on her. Thus, he is capable of any meanness and is unprincipled.

Analyzing Luzhin's theory, we notice its striking similarity with Raskolnikov's theory, in which personal interest also predominates. “Everything is allowed to Napoleons,” he categorically asserts. There is certainly a personal interest of the hero in the murder of the old pawnbroker. One of the motives for this murder is Raskolnikov’s desire to test his theory, to find out what type of people he himself belongs to: “...am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?” Raskolnikov’s theory, in his opinion, is also designed to save humanity from world evil and is aimed at developing progress. Mohammeds, Napoleons, Lycurgus - people of the future who “move the world and lead it to the goal.” They "destroy the present for the sake of the future."

It is characteristic that Raskolnikov did not like Luzhin’s theory at all. Perhaps intuitively he felt in it a similarity with his own ideas. It is not for nothing that he notices to Pyotr Petrovich that according to his, Luzhin’s theory, it turns out that “people can be cut.” This similarity probably explains Raskolnikov’s unaccountable hatred of Luzhin. Well, the situation with Sonya, the planned marriage to Dunechka - all this, of course, left its mark on the relationship of the heroes.

Thus, Luzhin trivializes the protagonist’s theory, offering an “economic” version of this theory. Luzhin is Raskolnikov’s “double” in everyday life. In addition, he is an unprincipled, vile person. All this determines the attitude of the author and the main character towards him.

Roman F.M. Dostoevsky's “Crime and Punishment” tells the story of a poor student Rodion Raskolnikov, who became an adherent of the theory of two categories of people (“those in power” and “trembling creatures”). This teaching completely changed the hero’s life, forced him to commit a crime, doomed him to suffering and pangs of conscience. The main problem of the work is the danger of life theories that assume the power of some people over others. According to the author, all of them are fundamentally incorrect, and following their laws will inevitably lead to tragic consequences. And he proves this by the example of the fate of the main character Rodion Raskolnikov, who killed the old pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta (to check what category of people he belongs to) and ultimately ended up in hard labor for this crime.

In order for both the reader and the hero himself to think about the problem of false teachings, Dostoevsky creates a whole system of images in which the characters are “doubles” of Rodion. Their names are Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin and Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov. Like Raskolnikov, these people have their own beliefs about permissiveness. Getting to know each of his “doubles”, the main character learned important lessons. And, of course, he could not help but feel hostility towards such repulsive (but at the same time similar to him) personalities. However, Raskolnikov's attitude towards Luzhin was more hostile than towards Svidrigailov, although both characters were extremely unpleasant people.

Basically, Raskolnikov felt antipathy towards Luzhin because of his theory of “reasonable egoism”; according to it, every person should be guided only by personal interests, and then the world will prosper.

This teaching is in many ways close to Rodion’s theory, in which “supermen” can also do what they want (or what they consider beneficial) and not take into account the opinion of “trembling creatures.” Raskolnikov felt the similarity of his views with the views of Luzhin, but did not want to admit it, because he considered Pyotr Petrovich a pathetic and vulgar person. With his theory, this hero justified immoral actions; he allowed himself to call Pulcheria Alexandrovna “mother.” He slipped a hundred-ruble bill into Sonya’s pocket to frame the heroine. In addition, in order to improve his position in society, Luzhin wanted to marry Duna and make her his slave. Unlike Pyotr Petrovich, Raskolnikov was a moral person (once he wanted to marry a wretched woman because he felt sorry for her). And even despite the fact that the hero overstepped his moral principles by committing a crime, the reader still understands that he has moral values ​​and a conscience (we remember how Raskolnikov suffers after committing murders). So, being a virtuous person, the main character hated Pyotr Petrovich for his immorality. However, he, again, could not help but see the similarities in their theories. He didn't want to be like such an unpleasant person; This was another reason for hostility.

However, when discussing Luzhin’s immorality, one cannot help but recall Raskolnikov’s second “double”, Svidrigailov, who sinned all his life. If Luzhin committed evil deeds in order to gain power, which he never had (since he was a “little man”), then Svidrigailov took pleasure in the atrocities themselves. According to his theory, you can commit an evil act if it is needed to achieve a good goal, and if you do many good deeds, then one evil deed can be forgiven. Therefore, the hero sinned “shamelessly and unrestrainedly,” without experiencing pangs of conscience. This man, I think, was much more immoral than Luzhin; he was a card sharper, was in prison, killed a servant; there are suspicions that he also killed his wife, Marfa Petrovna. Despite the fact that Raskolnikov feels disgust when talking with the hero and calls him a scoundrel, he sympathizes with him to some extent. Svidrigailov experiences natural human feelings: fear of death (he imagines life after death as a bathhouse with spiders), love (unlike Luzhin, he truly loved Avdotya Romanovna and wished her happiness), pity. However, Arkady Ivanovich committed too many sins in his life and, as he said, “crossed the line”; there is no turning back now. This hero was a kind of “warning” to Raskolnikov, because the same thing could happen to him if he did not abandon his theory. Therefore, Rodion could not experience strong antipathy towards Svidrigailov; the hero helped him make the right choice and confess to the crime. Of course, Luzhin did not play such an important role for him.

Thus, of Raskolnikov’s two “doubles,” Luzhin is the most antipathetic to him. This hero was immoral and unscrupulous, which Rodion did not tolerate. In addition, Pyotr Petrovich humiliated the protagonist’s close people (Dunya, Sonya, mother). And if Raskolnikov sympathized with Svidrigailov, then he felt only hatred for Luzhin.

Effective preparation for the Unified State Exam (all subjects) -

The work Crime and Punishment has become a classic of Russian literature. This is a psychological novel, where the leading role is played by the former student Raskolnikov, but the author’s work also reveals other images. So in the novel we meet Luzhin, who was a person deeply opposed to the author himself. But this type of people existed. In addition, this character allowed for a deeper study and understanding of Raskolnik himself, whose moral double was Luzhin. At first glance, these are completely different images, but they had very important similarities. Both had their own theory and each of them followed it. So Luzhin’s theory consisted of reasonable egoism, and according to it people should only take into account their own interests. According to Raskolnikov's theory, great people were allowed everything, so he wanted to find out who he was - a trembling creature or someone who had the right.

Having studied the novel, we understand that the image of Luzhin is the worst manifestation of a person, and in order to get to know Raskolnikov and Luzhin better, we will make a comparative one, noting their similarities and differences.

Raskolnikov is the hero of the novel who dropped out of school due to his poverty and inability to pay. He was used to dividing people into insignificants and Napoleons, and he wanted to find out who he was, so he committed a crime. However, in his theory that great people are allowed everything, he is mistaken. Believing that he has the right to punish and pardon, he later comes to the realization that his calculation is incorrect. Raskolnikov understands that his division of people into certain categories is wrong. He also understands that he is an ordinary person and what he has done. This one is big. True, Raskolnikov is cold towards her at first, but the girl’s love managed to awaken humanity in the hero. He reached out to the girl, fell in love with her, and accepted her attitude towards life.

The second character of Crime and Punishment, whose characteristics we will consider in ours, was Luzhin. Luzhin is a lawyer and adviser, on whose face one could always read grumpiness. He never gave in to emotions and was a successful, rational and practical person. Luzhin is vile, immoral, and does not disdain anything in order to achieve his goals. Luzhin loves gossip, the concept of nobility is unknown to him, and his desire in life was a career and enrichment. At the same time, he looks at life through the prism of his theory, believing that only egoists will be able to help others in the future.

Raskolnikov and Luzhin also have common features. Both are smart, but also vain, arrogant and mean. Moreover, Raskolnikov calls himself a scoundrel, but Katerina Ivanovna says that Luzhin is the scoundrel of scoundrels.

Raskolnikov and Luzhin, whom we are considering, dislike each other, not realizing that they are very similar, and they can even be called moral doubles. Most likely, the hostility between Raskolnikov and Luzhin arose because each of them saw their worst traits in the opposite character, which greatly irritated them.

Raskolnikov and Luzhin: comparative characteristics

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In Dostoevsky's novels, almost all the leading characters are ideologists. Therefore, Dostoevsky endowed the hero of his novel “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov with spiritual doubles, who are Svidrigailov and Luzhin. These images personify the “dark” side of the protagonist’s personality and concentrate his vices, which allows the reader to get the most accurate idea of ​​Raskolnikov’s personality and character.

Dostoevsky shows us Svidrigailov as a man without conscience and honor. This is an indifferent, bored person. He wants to find in life “something that is always born like a coal in the blood.” The image of Svidrigailov is a kind of warning to Raskolnikov: Svidrigailov is the creature into which Raskolnikov will turn if he does not listen to the voice of his own conscience and lives with a crime in his soul that has not been atoned for by suffering.

The image of Svidrigailov reveals the whole essence of the moral fall of a person who followed the path of crime. He constantly worries Raskolnikov, convincing him that they are “birds of a feather”: “Well, didn’t I say that there is some kind of common point between us?” Svidrigailov does not see a person in anyone; he is convinced that there is nothing wrong either in adultery, or in the corruption of a young girl, or in eavesdropping on other people’s conversations in order to extract benefits from them through blackmail. For Raskolnikov, Svidrigailov becomes the embodiment of something low, disgusting, but, nevertheless, Rodion Raskolnikov is drawn to this dark beginning. After all, Raskolnikov decided to realistically, and not fantastically, become a “ruler,” which means he decided to follow the path of Svidrigailov. The internal similarity between Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov also lies in the sin of atheism, pride and idleness. Moreover, they both suffer from the consciousness of such idleness. But at the end of the novel, Raskolnikov was able to overcome Svidrigailov’s pride and idleness, Svidrigailov’s demonism, and found love and life, and therefore himself. The thought that his theory was similar to the theories of Svidrigailov and Luzhin became unbearable to him; he began to hate them, although in essence he had no right to do so.

In the context of the theme of my essay, another character in the novel deserves attention - Luzhin - a self-made entrepreneur who wants, being a “small” person, to become a “big” person, to turn from a nobody into the master of life. Here we can draw a parallel between Raskolnikov and Luzhin. Raskolnikov is a poor student who really wants to get out of the poor state in which he finds himself. But don't just outgrow yourself at this stage! He wants to see himself as a person superior to society in moral and intellectual terms. This is how the theory of dividing people into two categories appears. Moreover, both Luzhin and Raskolnikov want to see themselves belonging to the highest category. This desire leads to Raskolnikov arrogating to himself the right to kill the moneylender, and Luzhin to destroy Sonya.

Both of these heroes - Raskolnikov and Luzhin - misperceive their own position; their point of view regarding their place in society comes down to the fact that they consider themselves better than other people, at least those who become their victims. The only difference between Luzhin and Raskolnikov is that the former’s understanding of the problem itself and the methods he uses are more vulgar than the latter’s. Luzhin vulgarizes and thereby discredits the theory of “reasonable egoism.”

Raskolnikov’s motives are noble; he acts not out of calculation, but out of delusion.

However, one cannot give the same assessment to these three characters - Raskolnikov, Luzhin and Svidrigailov. Dostoevsky showed us Raskolnikov's inner world through the interaction of the hero with the characters who surround him, through the constant struggle between consciousness and subconscious, his emotional experiences. The writer shows us what power an idea can have over a person and how terrible this idea can be if it can push a person to commit a crime.

Dostoevsky analyzed the consciousness and subconscious of the main character; he completely revealed Raskolnikov’s character to the reader. The writer showed us the hero's inner world through contrast - through a comparison of the traits inherent in Raskolnikov with the personal characteristics of Svidrigailov and Luzhin.

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Svidrigailov and Luzhin as a reflection of the “dark” side of Raskolnikov’s personality
Luzhin and Raskolnikov are the heroes of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". These images are especially interesting for comparison, since, despite their many differences, they are extremely similar.

Dostoevsky made Luzhin so similar to Raskolnikov (and not only him, but also several other characters) in order to show the versatility of Raskolnikov’s personality by the example of identifying different traits in different people of his positive and negative sides of character.

I want to take a closer look at Raskolnikov and Luzhin in order to understand for what purpose the author introduced such similarities and what he was trying to show by this.

First of all, the external differences between the characters are striking: the poor student Raskolnikov and the wealthy Luzhin seem to be antipodes to each other. Undoubtedly, Luzhin is the “dark side” of Raskolnikov, but, unlike the main character of the novel, Luzhin is a more frequently encountered character, much less than the “Napoleonic type”, he is no better for it.

The most striking example of the comparison of the described characters is their dialogue in Raskolnikov’s closet. At first the contrast between them is undeniable, but later one notices that their worldviews are strikingly similar.

Raskolnikov is a poor student “living on credit”; Luzhin is a successful businessman. Raskolnikov rushes about in search of himself; Luzhin is calm and reasonable.

But the ideas of “The One Who Has the Right” and “The Petty Egoist” are almost identical, and the difference between them is only in scale.

Rise above others. This is what unites the principles of Raskolnikov and Luzhin. Whether to become a Judge with a punishing sword, or to put yourself in first place, considering the destiny of others to be “a caftan from a master’s shoulder” - the essence is the same. Raskolnikov sees in this his similarity with the person he hates, and cannot do anything.

I want to compile a comparative table of Luzhin and Raskolnikov in order to more fully understand the characters and the author’s intention.

So, we can see that what Luzhin and Raskolnikov have in common is the desire to put themselves above others. If you think about it, Luzhin’s position is more justified, and he is more honest with himself. Luzhin consciously “loved himself first of all,” and did not later deviate from this line of behavior. Rodion, in his wanderings through the dark forest of his soul, rushed from one extreme to another, not knowing peace. In the end, Raskolnikov finally found himself, and who knows who was happier - he or Luzhin.

Luzhin is not the “incarnation of evil” in the novel, he is a collective image of the society that was disgusting to the writer, a society where everyone is for himself, where there is no place for love, friendship and understanding. Raskolnikov, on the other hand, is imperfect, has done a lot of evil, but is kind by nature; he was not immediately able to find understanding with the world.

Differences

Differences in the social status and appearance of the heroes are not as important as the fact that the main difference is motivation. If Luzhin openly loves only himself and “evil” in his example manifests itself in the form of egoism, then Raskolnikov is sure that he commits evil for the sake of good and justice, for the benefit of other people. Luzhin is confident in himself, his line of behavior and excessive self-love are preserved from beginning to end. Raskolnikov doubts, wanders in the wilds of his soul and still strives for the light. He is not alien to human qualities, such as kindness and compassion, altruism and even love. Luzhin does not recognize any feelings other than self-love. He is ready to take a pathetic girl as his wife, but not out of pity, but to increase his status in front of her, so that she will be reliable and consider him a benefactor. One way or another, by the end of the novel, Luzhin remains as he was, and Raskolnikov finds the path to light, redemption and a virtuous life.

The meaning of the characters in the work

Raskolnikov's doubles are close to him in spirit, but have different purposes. Each of them embodies Rodion's theory in their own way. With their own internal appearance, Raskolnikov's doubles in the novel discredit his ideas. The image of Pyotr Petrovich seems to be a primitive embodiment of the theory at the everyday level. Arkady Ivanovich is a deeper character. Svidrigailov’s application of Raskolnikov’s theory is more profound. He embodies it on a philosophical level. When you analyze the image and actions of Arkady Ivanovich, in some way the bottom of the abyss is revealed, where the “individualistic” idea of ​​the protagonist leads.

Essay 2

Those who read Crime and Punishment for the first time do not notice all the subtleties of the work. It would seem, why did the author create this or that hero, since his story is in no way connected with the fate of Raskolnikov? But each character is important in its own way. All the characters with their own characters and characteristics help to reveal the personality of the main character - Rodion Raskolnikov.

The image of the gloomy Raskolnikov is the center of the work. It is no coincidence that the hero has such a telling surname - the young man is very contradictory, his personal qualities are like scattered pieces of a mosaic. Each character in the novel represents one of these pieces. Who can be called the protagonist's doubles?

Dmitry Razumikhin is active, cheerful, steadfastly enduring any trials, the only friend of the main character. Rodion is the complete opposite. He is apathetic and does not know how to cope with problems. Razumikhin's optimism sharply contrasts with Raskolnikov's gloom. Friends also have similarities. Young and noble, they dream of a bright future. But the heroes have different ways to achieve their goals. Razumikhin works, trying to get out of poverty, and Raskolnikov commits murder for the sake of an idea.

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin is a vile hypocrite under the guise of nobility. His similarity with the main character is that on the way to the goal, both do not disdain anything. The image of Luzhin sets off Raskolnikov's selfishness.

Svidrigailov is a man devoid of morality, capable of anything, any terrible act, even murder. Rodion commits a crime and does not repent at all. Both heroes are full of contradictions, each of them is capable of noble deeds, but this does not diminish their guilt for their actions.

Andrei Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov is a stupid, but kind, harmless person who cannot stand meanness and seems to become a caricature of Raskolnikov, who is obsessed with his theory.

Investigator Porfiry Petrovich is, to some extent, one of Raskolnikov’s doubles. He, too, was young and obsessed with the then fashionable theories, but he stopped in time, and now he understands the student who has gone astray, sympathizes with him and tries to help.

Among the female characters in the novel there are also Raskolnikov's doubles. For example, his sister, who looks like him, is the soul mate of the main character. The author, in describing Avdotya Romanovna, draws attention to her intelligence, pride and independence. But, unlike Raskolnikov, the girl takes the right path and does not make terrible mistakes.

And, of course, Sonya Marmeladova. She is kind, a believer, but, like Raskolnikov, she is a criminal, an outcast. But, unlike Rodion, Sonya repents and longs to atone. The image of Sonya debunks Raskolnikov's terrible theory.

Doubles allow us to reveal the complex personality of Rodion Raskolnikov; every character trait is revealed in one of the heroes. Thanks to this technique, an understanding of the committed actions and the inevitable punishment for the committed crime comes.

Option 4

Dostoevsky's main character in the novel Crime and Punishment is not the only one who was obsessed with the idea of ​​​​using other people to achieve his goals. Whether they are better or worse than Raskolnikov can be seen by how they came to this idea and how they implement it in their actions.

Obvious doubles of Rodion Raskolnikov are Luzhin and Svidrigailov. And investigator Porfiry Petrovich admits that he, too, suffered from the idea of ​​a superman, to whom everything is permitted, in his youth, but he renounced it and took the opposite path - fighting criminals.

After all, behind every crime there is a person who has decided that he has the right to do as he pleases and not limit himself to the laws and moral principles developed by mankind.

At the same time, Raskolnikov, as an intelligent and observant person, sees himself with his “mental theory” reflected in both Luzhin and Svidrigailov, as in distorting mirrors.

Luzhin represents, figuratively speaking, a convex mirror. He, as a person, is a hundred times worse than the main character and is a complete scoundrel and moral monster.

Luzhin had the conclusions that Rodion Raskolnikov came to at the cost of soul-crushing thoughts about the fate of humanity and its leaders, while creating a whole theory about blood according to his conscience, like a spider, who has no doubt that he has the right to get the victim into a cunningly woven web .

How he uses it all depends on the immediate tasks. For example, he hoped to use Dunya, Rodion’s sister, as a means to enter society. Such a wife from a poor class will not cost him anything, but her beauty and education will pay dividends. And it was even sweeter for Luzhin to imagine how completely he would rule over a defenseless woman.

He planned to make Sonya Marmeladova a means of taking revenge on Raskolnikov for the failed matchmaking. Having cynically thrown money at her and declared her a thief, he was ready to casually trample on the human dignity of an innocent girl.

Not for a second did Pyotr Luzhin have any doubts or regrets about his personal right to choose victims for his own purposes. Isn't this Raskolnikov's theory in action?

In Arkady Svidrigailov, the main character can look like his reflection in a mirror with a concave perspective going deeper. Its bottom reflects what has already happened.

If Raskolnikov is only wondering whether he has the right to kill a person and exist normally after that, then Svidrigailov “tested” this in practice, and more than once. On his conscience is a worker beaten to death, a girl who hanged herself, and the death of his wife Marfa Petrovna. Arkady Ivanovich inspires the main character that they are birds of a feather. Only Raskolnikov’s moral suffering is unknown to him.

It would seem that the unpunished gentleman continues to enjoy life and visits restaurants. But what happened to his soul? He sees the ghosts of his victims, and Marfa Petrovna “comes” for him from the other world. He is afraid to be alone and is essentially mentally ill.

His hope for salvation is to unite life with a pure being whose soul is not clouded by sinful thoughts. He found such a soul in Duna Raskolnikova. But the girl cannot answer his feeling. The depth of moral decline is so hopeless that Svidrigailov has no return to the world of normal human relations. All that remains is to put a bullet in the forehead.

Thus, Raskolnikov and his doubles convince that life must be approached very responsibly. The desire to put it within the framework of some theory is untenable and unreasonable. A person is responsible for misconceptions and mistakes and receives lessons at the cost of not only personal trials and punishments, but the suffering of people close to him.