Unified State Exam 2017. Literature.Composition. 10 arguments on the topic: “Honor and dishonor”
How will a person prove himself in war - the most difficult test that fate has in store for him? Will he remain true to honor and moral principles, or will he cross the line beyond which - betrayal, meanness, shame, dishonor?Andrei Sokolov in M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man” is a generalized image of the Soviet people who survived the war, survived it, in spite of everything and against everything. It is no coincidence that the author gives this title to the story - he writes about a man during the war, about those people who remained faithful to duty and did not tarnish their honor. (“That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, demolish everything if need calls for it.”) Every day in war is already a feat, a struggle for life, expelling enemies from their native land. Wasn’t it a feat when Andrei went on the attack, when he survived German captivity, defeating even his enemies (“I wanted to show them, damned, that although I’m disappearing from hunger, I’m not going to choke on their handout, that I have my own , Russian dignity and pride, and that they didn’t turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.”) Didn’t he accomplish a moral feat when, after the war, he remained a person who sympathized with others who adopted the boy Vanyushka? Moral ideals and values, to which he was faithful to the end, helped Andrei remain a man of honor, not to lose his human dignity. (“Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force... Is something waiting for them ahead? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure, and near his father’s shoulder will grow one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to it.”) Unfortunately, in the war The meanness of the souls of some people also manifested themselves, who, in order to save their lives, became traitors. Survival at any cost was the main thing for them. What honor and conscience can we talk about if death is nearby? This is what they thought in those minutes, crossing the line of decency and humanity. Let us remember the soldier who was ready to hand over his officer to the Germans just to stay alive (the episode in the church when Andrei was in captivity and killed this traitor: “For the first time in his life he killed, and then his own... But what kind of one is he? He’s thinner stranger, traitor.”) In war, a person’s character was tested. Honor or dishonor, betrayal or heroism - what a person chose depended on the moral principles and ideals that underlay his position in life. But we won the war because there were much fewer dishonest people. The people were united by the will to win, patriotism, and love for their homeland. The fate of a person and the fate of a country and people merged into one.
Honor and dishonor in the story “The Fate of a Man” and the story “The Captain’s Daughter”
The question of honor and dishonor cannot leave anyone indifferent. It concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. We understand what is good and what is bad, but how to become better is a topic of paramount importance. What qualities should a person of honor have? What should I do to become like this? Today these questions are most relevant for my generation, but the answers were given to us a long time ago by great writers and thinkers. Let's look at some of them.
Unfortunately, we often have to deal with human lies, that is, with people who are capable of misleading others. I believe that liars lose their honor when they “say what is not,” as the writer Jonathan Swift evasively put it about deception. From reading experience, I can give several examples that clearly show what honest and dishonest qualities are. In the story “The Fate of Man,” Mikhail Sholokhov touched on many topics , one of which is the issue of honor. The main character Andrei Sokolov was an ordinary citizen. He had a family, children and a good job, but Andrei loses all this in an instant during the war. It would seem that in such a situation there was no time for moral scrupulosity, but he went through all the difficulties of the war with his head held high, but without a false word. One of the main episodes that reveals his inner strength is the scene of Andrei’s interrogation by Commandant Muller. The weak, powerless soldier surpassed the German in fortitude. Muller's refusal to drink to Germany's victory was unexpected. Such insolence was fraught with disastrous consequences, but the hero did not stoop to lies. The enemies unexpectedly appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier. Muller said: “That’s what Sokolov is. You are a real Russian soldier. You are very brave. “I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents.” The hero's strength of character aroused the respect of those who were in the commandant's office. They decided that Andrei deserved to live and gave him a loaf of bread and a piece of lard, which he divided among his fellow inmates dying of hunger. Andrei Sokolov is a true patriot of his country, who personifies honor, dignity and courage.
Other examples are the antipodean heroes Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin from the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”. Take care of honor from a young age - this is the main instruction of his father to Pyotr Grinev, who is going to serve. Peter honorably fulfills the will of his parent. He refuses to swear allegiance to Pugachev, while another hero Alexey Shvabrin does this without much hesitation. He lies to save himself from reprisals, but his oath is worthless. Shvabrin is a traitor, although if his act could be explained only by the fear of death, then it could somehow be justified, because not everyone is given the opportunity to be heroes, like Sokolov, for example. But Shvabrin is a vile and low person. He lies in order to get Masha as his wife and eventually get the coveted position of commandant of the fortress. The liar tried to deprive the girl of honor in the eyes of Grinev, and later meanly wounded Peter during a duel. Therefore, his betrayal is not justified. Alexey is not afraid of shame, he does not understand the meaning of the word “honor,” and therefore lying is a common thing for him. Pushkin described the consequences of such behavior very realistically: everyone turns away from a person without honor. But Grinev appears before society as a courageous, courageous and valiant young man.
Thus, examples from literature suggest that honor implies courage, valor, courage and integrity.
Pyotr Grinev and Andrei Sokolov endured many hardships and hardships in order to preserve their dignity, their moral guidelines and values. However, Alexey Shvabrin doesn’t even need a reason; he will betray and lie without any threats, just to get what he wants. Therefore, a person, first of all, needs to overcome the coward in himself in order to defend his honor in any circumstances. Interesting? Save it on your wall!
What are honor and dishonor arguments? Help in preparing for the Unified State Exam
The novel's epigraph immediately points to the problem raised by the author: who is the bearer of honor and who is the bearer of dishonor. Embodied honor, which does not allow one to be guided by material or other selfish interests, is manifested in the feat of Captain Mironov and his inner circle. Pyotr Grinev is ready to die for the given word of the oath, and does not even try to get out, deceive, or save lives. Shvabrin acts differently: in order to save his life, he is ready to serve the Cossacks, just to survive.
Masha Mironova is the embodiment of female honor. She is also ready to die, but does not enter into an agreement with the hated Shvabrin, who is seeking the girl’s love.
M.Yu. Lermontov “Song about ... merchant Kalashnikov”
Kiribeevich is a representative of the oprichnina, he does not refuse anything, he is accustomed to permissiveness. Desire and love lead him through life, he does not tell the whole truth (and therefore lies) to the king and receives permission to marry a married woman. Kalashnikov, following the laws of Domostroy, stands up to defend the honor of his disgraced wife. He is ready to die, but to punish his offender. Leaving to fight on the execution site, he invites his brothers, who should continue his work if he dies. Kiribeevich behaves cowardly, courage and daring immediately disappear from his face as soon as he learns the name of his opponent. And although Kalashnikov dies, he dies a winner.
ON THE. Nekrasov “To whom in Rus'...”
Matryona Timofeevna sacredly preserves her honor and dignity as a mother and wife. She, pregnant, goes to the governor’s wife to save her husband from being recruited.
Ermila Girin, being an honest and noble person, enjoys authority among the villagers of the surrounding area. When the need arose to buy the mill, he had no money; the peasants at the market collected a thousand rubles in half an hour. And when I was able to return the money, I went around to everyone and personally returned what I had borrowed. He gave the remaining unclaimed ruble to everyone for drinks. He is an honest man and honor is more important to him than money.
N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"
The main character, Katerina Izmailova, puts love above honor. It doesn’t matter to her who she kills, just to stay with her lover. The death of a father-in-law or husband becomes only a prelude. The main crime is the murder of the little heir. But after exposure, she remains abandoned by her beloved man, since his love was only an appearance, a desire to find his mistress as a wife. The death of Katerina Izmailova does not wash away the dirt from her crimes. Thus, dishonor during life remains the posthumous shame of a lustful, jaded merchant's wife.
The problem of guaranteeing the right to honor and dignity
The human right to honor and dignity must be ensured by a system of guarantees - material, political, ideological. Let us dwell in more detail on legal guarantees. Domestic industry legislation provides for the following legal guarantees of this right: criminal law, criminal procedural, civil law, civil procedural, guarantees provided for by the norms of family, labor, criminal executive law, as well as administrative legal guarantees. Let's consider each type of guarantee. Criminal legal guarantees are the guarantees contained in the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. First of all, criminal legislation is based on the principle of humanism: punishment and other measures of a criminal legal nature applied to a person who has committed a crime cannot be aimed at causing physical suffering or humiliation of human dignity. Since dignity can be considered, on the one hand, as a universal human value inherent in it from birth, and on the other hand, as the dignity of individual social groups, nations, nationalities, individuals, it is legitimate to distinguish two types of criminal legal guarantees.
Firstly, responsibility for all crimes against the person can be attributed to guarantees of the human right to dignity. Thus, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes liability for the following crimes against life: murder, incitement to suicide, criminal damage to health, etc.
Secondly, Chapter 17 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to crimes against freedom, honor and dignity and provides for liability for libel and insult.
Part 2 Art. 129 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains qualifying criteria, which include libel in a public speech, publicly displayed work or in the media. Slander in the media should be understood as works discrediting the honor and dignity of a citizen, made in a typographical manner, heard on the radio or shown on television.
The most dangerous is slander combined with an accusation of committing a grave or especially grave crime (Part 3 of Article 129 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Part 2 Art. 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides as qualifying signs of insult the deliberate humiliation of honor and dignity in a public speech, in a publicly displayed work or in the media.
Particular attention should be paid to the new version of Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity,” which establishes liability for humiliation of the dignity of a person or group of persons on the basis of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, attitude to religion, membership in a particular social group, which committed publicly or using the media.
Criminal procedural means of protecting the human right to dignity are provided for by the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. One of the principles of criminal proceedings is respect for the honor and dignity of the individual (Article 9 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation). Actions and decisions involving violence, threats, offensive statements, depriving a person of the opportunity to defend and defend their rights and legitimate interests as an equal subject should be recognized as degrading the honor and dignity of a person. As the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation noted in its resolution of May 3, 1995 No. 4P, ensuring the dignity of the individual presupposes that the individual in his relations with the state acts not as an object of state activity, but as an equal subject who can protect his rights by all those not prohibited by law ways and argue with the state represented by any authorities. This norm is aimed at protecting the individual, her honor and dignity from abuse, primarily by those officials who are vested with powers that allow them to apply coercive measures against other participants in the process and carry out other actions related to the restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens. At the same time, the above principle presupposes the obligation of bodies and officials carrying out criminal proceedings to take measures to protect the rights and legitimate interests of some participants in the process from the encroachments of others. As is known, publicity as one of the most important principles of proceedings in court is proclaimed in Part 1 of Art. 123 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Art. 241 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The hearing of cases in all courts is open, and hearings of cases in closed sessions are allowed in cases provided for by federal law. Thus, when considering cases of crimes in the sphere of sexual relations, as well as crimes affecting the honor and dignity of an individual, the court should in each case hold a closed hearing, based primarily on the interests of the victim, to whom an open hearing of the case may cause unnecessary moral suffering. The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation especially emphasizes that when obtaining samples for comparative research, methods that are dangerous to human life and health or humiliate his honor and dignity should not be used. Civil legal and civil procedural guarantees are provided for by the norms of the Civil Code and the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. In civil law, the right to honor and dignity is one of the personal non-property rights. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies personal dignity as intangible benefits (Article 150 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), since, firstly, this concept is devoid of property content, it cannot be assessed in monetary terms, and secondly, it is inextricably linked with the personality of its bearer, which means the impossibility of alienation. Their civil legal protection is possible in two cases. Firstly, when the essence of the violated non-property right and the nature of the consequences of this violation allow the possibility of using general methods of civil legal protection and, secondly, when special methods are provided for the protection of these rights in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation or other laws. These methods are established to protect the honor, dignity and business reputation of citizens in the form of a refutation of widespread defamatory information. A similar method can be used if the following conditions are present: if information is disseminated or should be disseminated, it must not correspond to reality (information is considered untrue until the person who disseminated it proves otherwise) and must be defamatory. A citizen has the right to demand in court a refutation of information discrediting his honor, dignity or business reputation, unless the person who disseminated such information proves that it is true. The Plenum of the Supreme Court of Russia drew attention to some problems that arise for courts when considering this category of cases. Thus, citizens who believe that defamatory information that does not correspond to reality have the right to bring claims in cases of this category (Article 152 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation especially emphasizes that when defamatory information about minors or incompetents is disseminated, legal representatives can bring claims to protect their honor and dignity. At the request of interested parties, protection of the honor and dignity of a citizen is allowed even after his death. When filing such claims, the law does not provide for the mandatory preliminary submission of such a demand to the defendant, including in the case when the claim is brought against the media that disseminated the above information. A citizen about whom information has been published in the media that infringes on his rights or legally protected interests has the right to publish his response in the same media (Clause 3, 7, Article 152 of the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The defendants in claims to refute information discrediting honor and dignity or business reputation are the persons who disseminated this information. If the claim contains a demand to refute information disseminated in the media, the author and the editorial board of the relevant media outlet are named as defendants. If the editorial office of a media outlet is not a legal entity, the founder of the media outlet must be involved in the case as a defendant. When the actions of a person who has disseminated information discrediting another person contain signs of a crime under Art. 129 and 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the victim has the right to apply to the court to bring the perpetrator to criminal liability, as well as to file a claim for the protection of honor and dignity or business reputation in civil proceedings. Thus, criminal law guarantees of this right are combined with civil law ones. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation specifically outlines the procedure for refuting defamatory information that was disseminated in the media (clause 2 of Article 152 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The presence of circumstances that, by virtue of Art. 57 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media” can serve as a basis for exempting the editorial board, editor-in-chief, and journalist from liability for the dissemination of information that does not correspond to reality and discredits the honor and dignity of citizens, does not exclude the possibility of a court considering a citizen’s claim to refute such information. It should be especially noted that the requirement to protect honor, dignity, business reputation, stated in accordance with paragraphs 13, 57 of Art. 152 of the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the limitation period does not apply. In accordance with paragraphs. 5, 7 tbsp. 152 of the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a citizen in respect of whom information discrediting honor, dignity or business reputation has been disseminated, has the right, along with a refutation of such information, to demand compensation for losses and moral damage caused by its dissemination. Compensation for moral damage by a guilty official or citizen or the media is determined by the court when making a decision in monetary terms. If defamatory information that does not correspond to reality was disseminated in the media, the court, when determining the amount of compensation for moral damage, also has the right to take into account the nature and content of the publication, the degree of dissemination of false information and other circumstances worthy of attention. If a decision in a case on the protection of honor and dignity, as well as business reputation, is not executed within the period established by the court, it has the right to impose a fine on the violator, recovered to the state’s income. Property and non-property damage resulting from violation of honor, dignity and business reputation are subject to compensation according to the standards contained in Chapter. 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (liabilities resulting from causing harm). In accordance with these norms, compensation for property damage (losses) is possible only in case of guilty dissemination of information (Article 1064 of the Civil Code), and compensation for moral damage is possible regardless of guilt (Article 1100 of the Civil Code). In addition to those mentioned, any other general methods of protection can be used: suppression of actions that violate the right or create a threat of its violation (withdrawal of a newspaper, magazine, book, prohibition of publication of a second edition, etc.). It should be noted that civil law protection of honor and dignity is widely used by citizens. Some cases of this kind have become famous. Thus, during the election campaign, the mayor of Moscow, Yu. M. Luzhkov, filed a lawsuit for the protection of honor and dignity against the television presenter N. Dorenko and won this case in court. The specificity of this right lies in the fact that its subjects are not only living, but also dead people. The memory of a person cannot be defamed; his honor and dignity continue to be the object of legal protection. Several years ago, a group of citizens filed a lawsuit against the NTV television channel and TV presenter Kiselev to protect the honor and dignity of Lenin, to whose life and work TV presenter Kiselev dedicated a special film. The court accepted the statement of claim, thereby recognizing the legality of such claims. However, the plaintiffs were unable to provide sufficient legal justification for their claims, and the court rejected the claim. A special type of guarantees of this right are those provided for by the norms of family law. The Family Code of the Russian Federation considers among the main principles of this branch of law the need to strengthen the family, build family relationships on feelings of mutual love and respect, and ensure the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights (Article 1). Family law prohibits any form of discrimination against people when entering into marriage and in family relationships, guarantees equality of spouses in the family, equality of rights and responsibilities of parents (Articles 1,31,61). The Convention on the Rights of the Child is permeated with the idea of respect for the human dignity of children and recognition of their right to preserve their individuality. Chapter II of the Family Code of the Russian Federation implements the most important subjective rights of the child into domestic legislation, recognizing his value as a human person. There are guarantees of this right provided for by labor law. Thus, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation enshrines as the main principle of legal regulation of labor relations ensuring the right of workers to protect their dignity during the period of labor activity (Article 2). This group of guarantees also includes labor law norms that ensure the dignity of the employee: freedom of labor and the prohibition of forced labor and discrimination in the field of labor, equality of rights and opportunities for workers, protection of their personal data. As stated in Art. 86 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, “employees must not waive their rights to preserve and protect secrets.” The employer does not have the right to receive information about the employee’s political and other beliefs, his private life, or his state of health (if this does not relate to the performance of his job function). Protection from unemployment and ensuring the right to timely and full payment of a fair salary that ensures a decent existence for a person is one of the most significant aspects of the right to dignity arising from Art. 11 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Art. 7, 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. 2, 133, 142 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Such phenomena as the poverty of a significant part of society, the extinction of the Russian population, are the result of violations of these norms, a gross violation of human dignity. There are guarantees of the labor rights of women and workers under 18 years of age (Chapter 41 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), which protect their dignity. The guarantees established by penal legislation are extremely important. The penal legislation of the Russian Federation and the practice of its application must be based on strict compliance with guarantees of protection against torture, violence and other cruel or degrading treatment of convicts (Article 3 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation). The Penal Code of the Russian Federation establishes that convicted persons have the right to polite treatment by the staff of the institution executing punishment. Coercive measures against convicted persons can only be applied on the basis of the law. Convicts, regardless of their consent, cannot be subjected to medical or other experiments that endanger their life and health. The basis of administrative legal guarantees is the following principle: administrative punishment cannot humiliate the human dignity of an individual who has committed an administrative offense or cause him physical suffering (Article 3.1). There are different types of said guarantees. Thus, the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation establishes liability for failure to provide an opportunity to publish a refutation or other explanation in defense of honor, dignity or business reputation (Article 5.13 of the Code of Administrative Offenses). However, for the appearance of a person in public places in a state of intoxication that offends human dignity and public morality, administrative liability is imposed (Article 20.21 of the Administrative Code). The system of legal guarantees of the right to honor and dignity needs to be improved. For these purposes, in 1999, State Duma deputy I. D. Kobzon submitted to the State Duma a draft federal law “On the constitutional right of citizens of the Russian Federation to the protection of honor and dignity and on ensuring this right by the state and society.” The need and purpose of this law were motivated by the requirements of state protection from all attacks on the honor and dignity of citizens in the broadest sense of these values. Such protection was dictated by the constitutional recognition of the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms. In essence, any infringement on the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is an infringement of human and civil dignity. The need to adopt such a law was due to the focus on building a social legal state, which involves a set of legislative and other measures aimed at establishing human values in real life. In the explanatory note to the bill, the need for such a law was explained by the fact that the current legislation does not protect honor and dignity in full; it only fragmentarily regulates individual manifestations of attacks on these values and actually does not contain norms specifically aimed at creating a regime of universal respect for honor and dignity. dignity of a Russian citizen. We especially note that this bill was largely innovative in nature; there are no similar analogues in world practice. If we turn to the legal characteristics of this bill, we can highlight the following: it would be a federal law, since the regulation of rights and freedoms, according to Article 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, falls under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation; framework, because, according to Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, ensuring the rule of law are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The Law provides the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and representative bodies of local self-government with the opportunity to develop the provisions contained in it in the aspect of their most complete implementation. This law would be of a consolidating nature, since it attempts to combine many norms contained in various normative acts into one act. The structure and content of the bill changed during its preparation. The range of opinions on the bill was very wide: from complete support to decisive rejection. The experts were heads of administrations and legislative assemblies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, who for the most part welcomed the ideas of the bill. Thus, in the opinion of the governors of Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Ulyanovsk and some other regions, the leaders of a number of republics within the Russian Federation, and the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the draft law was important and timely. “I fully support this draft federal law being submitted to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, since I believe that the right of citizens to the protection of honor and dignity, declared by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, needs the adoption of a federal law that specifies it,” said D. F. Ayatskov. E. S. Savchenko stated that he completely agrees with the text of the above-mentioned bill. However, it should be noted that, while generally sharing the ideas of the bill, many experts made serious comments and suggestions aimed at finalizing and even reworking the bill. Doubts about the necessity of such a law, accompanied by criticism of its main provisions, were expressed by the Main State Legal Directorate of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council Committee on Constitutional Legislation and Judicial-Legal Issues, the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation, and a number of legislative assemblies of the constituent entities of the Federation. Many comments were taken into account, and this bill was adopted in the first reading in the following form. The project consisted of a preamble, five chapters and 22 articles. The chapter “General Provisions” formulated the basic principles of state policy in the field of affirmation and protection of honor, dignity, reputation and good name of a citizen (Article 1 of the draft). An attempt has been made more clearly and specifically to determine, on the one hand, the duties of the state to create a regime of universal respect for the honor and dignity of every citizen, and on the other, the obligations of a citizen in relation to his state. Using the category of honor and dignity, the civilian meaning of serving the Fatherland was revealed (Article 2). This chapter also formulated guarantees and grounds for the emergence of the right to protect the honor and dignity of a citizen (Articles 4, 5), the principles of protecting the honor and dignity of a citizen (Article 6), responsibility for encroachments on the honor and dignity of a citizen (Article 7). Chapter II - “On ensuring the constitutional right of citizens to protect honor and dignity”, which contains the norms that oblige the relevant institutions of civil society, state bodies, the media to conduct activities to conduct activities that form the necessary personal qualities of a citizen carried a special load. The protection of the honor and dignity of a citizen outside Russia (Chapter III of the Project) was especially regulated. In the IV chapter, an attempt was made to formulate guarantees of the implementation of this law. The final provisions of the Law (Chapter V) contained norms related to its entry into force and action. The social expectations that the authors of the project wanted to see from the adoption of this law are noteworthy. The developers of the bill believed that the adoption of the law and its implementation will contribute to improving civil self -awareness, an understanding by a citizen of the Russian Federation his place and role in the life of Russia, a real guaranteeing of the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen, in particular the proper state protection of the dignity of citizens.
